Anders Ericsson， a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University， says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden， and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment nearly years ago， involved memory： training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject. after about 20 hours of training his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving， and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”

This success coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined， led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words， whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully， Ericsson determined， was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather， it involves setting specific goals， obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits， including soccer. They gather all the data they can， not just predominance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own lavatory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion： the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or， put another way， expert performers whether in memory or surgery， ballet or computer programming are nearly always made， not born.

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21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
　　[A] stress the importance of professional training.
　　[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
　　[C] introduce the topic of what males expert performance.
　　[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

22. The word “mania” （Line 4， Paragraph 2） most probably means
　　[A] fun.
　　[B] craze.
　　[C] hysteria.
　　[D] excitement.

23. According to Ericsson good memory
　　[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.
　　[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
　　[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
　　[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
　　[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
　　

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